Consequently, changes in atmospheric carbon content that are induced by the oceans also occur over a time frame of centuries. The carbon, however, requires centuries to penetrate into the deep ocean, because the mixing of the oceans is a rather slow (Chapter 1). The ocean is therefore the greatest of the carbon reservoirs, and essentially determines the atmospheric CO 2 content. At that time the carbon content of the atmosphere was only around 600 gigatons of carbon. The ocean, with around 38,000 gigatons (Gt) of carbon (1 gigaton = 1 billion tons), contains 16 times as much carbon as the terrestrial biosphere, that is all plant and the underlying soils on our planet, and around 60 times as much as the pre-industrial atmosphere, i.e., at a time before people began to drastically alter the atmospheric CO 2 content by the increased burning of coal, oil and gas. Today scientists can estimate fairly accurately how much carbon is stored in the individual reservoirs. But considering that carbon remains bound up in the rocks of the Earth’s crust for millions of years, then the exchange between the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere and ocean carbon reservoirs could actually be described as relatively rapid. This process can occur over time spans of up to centuries, which at first glance appears quite slow. The three most important repositories within the context of anthropogenic climate change – atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere and ocean – are constantly exchanging carbon.
the rocks on the planet, including limestones (calcium carbonate, CaCO 3).
Even more carbon, however, is stored in the lithosphere, i.e. The oceans store much more carbon than the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere (plants and animals). Carbon can be stored in and exchanges between particulate and dissolved inorganic and organic forms and exchanged with the the atmosphere as CO 2. Carbon constantly changes its state through the metabolism of organisms and by natural chemical processes. Plants on land and algae in the ocean assimilate it in the form of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere or water, and transform it through photosynthesis into energy-rich molecules such as sugars and starches. The human body structure is based on it, and other animal and plant biomass such as leaves and wood consist predominantly of carbon (C). This made it an excellent tool for cooling.Carbon is the element of life. Before the Automation Upgrade, Crude Oil could not freeze.Despite having heat capacity 2.5 times lower than Water, Crude Oil has 4 times the thermal conductivity and a great temperature range (440 ☌), which makes it a decent mid-game coolant.A Thermo Sensor confined in a one-tile insulated cavity that is heated by a one-tile segment of Radiant Liquid Pipe can be used to control the process. On the other hand, this method can be used to preheat Crude Oil.Hence, using Metal Refining with Liquid Reservoirs to convert them would be a bad idea.Despite Petroleum also being a liquid, Crude Oil that converts into Petroleum while in a pipe will still burst the pipe.It can be easily done by venting heat from nearby magma, or by slightly heating oil from a Leaky Oil Fissure. Alternatively, Crude Oil can be heated to above 402.85 ☌ (turning point + 3 ☌) and below 541.85 ☌ (vaporization point + 3 ☌) to get Petroleum with 100% efficiency.Oil Refinery can produce Petroleum from Crude Oil with 50 % efficiency.In Oily Asteroid Fields at a rate of 17 – 56.5 kg per cycle.It can be harvested on rocket missions to renewable Space POIs:.Oil Well tapping over Oil Reservoir can produce Crude Oil from Water and power.Slickster breathes Carbon Dioxide and excretes Crude Oil.It stacks up to 870 kg/tile when not pressurized. It can also be extracted from an untapped Oil Reservoir by constructing an Oil Well over it. Crude oil can be found in the Oil Biome, which is located above the Volcanic Biome on the bottom of the map.
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